Part 3: QUANTUM WAVE SOURCES page 2

 

3.3. Wave Sources and Huygens’ Principle

In classical physics, Huygens’ principle was applied to waves in a medium, and it explained much of the behavior of these waves. It especially explained the behavior of a narrow section of a wave when dissected out of a wave front. This narrow section of a wave acted like a wave source.

If Huygens’ principle were applied to quantum theory, this could give us greater insight into the possible structure and behavior of a quantum in small regions. In other words, we could learn about regions that are the size of elementary particles. For this reason, the concept of a wave source in quantum theory is very important. Before I further apply Huygens’ principle to quantum theory, I need to discuss more about this principle and waves sources.

I first describe what I mean by a wave source. In the following example, I assume that the waves are sinusoidal. The scenario involves having a still pool of water. I begin a consistent repetitive motion of dipping my finger in and out of this pool at a central location. My finger is not a wave source. Instead, the central point in the pool where my finger is dipping is the wave source. In other words, the originating point-wave in the water is the point-wave source. If I could follow all the wave fronts in the pool back in time, they would originate at this undulating central point in the water medium. I have described a wave source as an originating wave; therefore, like any other wave, a wave source must be smooth and have a wavelength and frequency. Also, like most waves in a medium, a wave is complete enough that it can stand alone when described at a minimum of ½ a wavelength. In this pool, the best description for a wave source is the originating wave with a ½ wavelength for its diameter. This is obviously not the originating point-wave, but it approximates the originating point-wave’s behavior. Plus, in a medium, a point-wave cannot stand alone because all waves are smooth and continuous. Therefore, a point-wave is smoothly and continuously linked to other point-waves, thereby creating a sinusoidal wave.

As I discussed earlier, Huygens’ principle essentially treats all wave fronts in a medium as if they were made out of an innumerable amount of pointlike wave sources. Consequently, any narrow section of a wave front behaves like a wave source. I would like to add some things to this by using the pool example in the preceding paragraph. First, I begin by making the obvious observation that any wave-front ring moving away from the wave source (an originating wave) was once a central wave source itself. Second, as this ring moves out, some changes occur. For instance, its amplitude or energy at a specific location on the ring decreases. Nonetheless, all the energy or amplitude at every point on this outwardly moving ring should add up to the original energy of the central wave source. Third, the wave source moves out as a wave front in all directions on the plane of the pools surface. Furthermore, any location on this outer wave front is moving in a direction directly out away from the center. If any wave front is taken back in time to its origin and in so doing recreates the original wave source, then every conserved characteristic of these points on that wave front when added up equals the characteristics of the original wave source. This only applies when over time there was no frictionlike influence that would take away from the wave as it traveled.

The next point I discuss is the ability for wave sources in the same medium to create compound wave sources. The simplest example is identical wave sources making a compound wave source. (See Figure 4.) If I take two identical wave sources and gradually bring their centers closer together, a compound wave source starts to emerge when the central wave sources begin to intersect. These central wave sources have a diameter of ½ a wavelength. In Figure 4A, there are no compound wave sources yet. Compound wave sources start to exist in Figure 4B. In Figures 4C and 4D, the compound wave source begins to be more obvious. Essentially the waves emitted from these two wave sources add up in a manner that a new center for a new wave source is created. Of course, this new wave source is a compound of the other wave sources. If a quantum in small regions is best understood as a wave source and if there are compound wave sources, there should therefore be a compound quantum made of other quanta. These compound wave sources are generally referred to in particle physics as compound particles (hadrons). The nuclear strong force is responsible for creating compound particles. It is also interesting that this strong force starts interacting at about the outer edge of the particle with a diameter of ½ a wavelength [7, 8]. In other words, at the distance of the diameter of the hadron, the nuclear strong force starts strongly influencing other hadrons [7, 8]. This is the same distance at which compound wave sources begin to emerge. This similarity to the creation of compound wave sources is more than coincidental.

If the creation of compound wave sources were associated with a force, this force would act more like a cage than a force that is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. In other words, when these central waves no longer overlap to any degree, they rapidly act less like a compound wave source as they are moved away from each other. Therefore, a force associated with the making of a compound wave source would rapidly disappear as the two wave sources are pulled apart. Indeed, the nuclear strong force acts more like a cage than a force that is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from a center.

The whole purpose of the analogy of comparing traditional compound wave sources with hadrons should not be taken any further than the following statements: (1) wave sources in traditional mediums form compound waves sources, and hadrons form compound particles; (2) the interference that forms compound wave sources occurs (i.e., increases or decreases) rapidly like a cliff, and this is true for the nuclear strong force that holds hadrons together; (3) the interference that creates compound wave sources occurs at the diameter of ½ a wavelength for the wave source, and this is the distance for the nuclear strong force’s interaction, too. The analogy between traditional compound wave source and hadrons should not be taken too much beyond these statements. Nevertheless, these similarities between compound wave sources and hadrons, I believe, are not just coincidental. These similarities exist, because as I describe in this article, the core construct for elementary particles is the quantum wave source.

If a quantum in a small region is best described as a wave source, what kind of wave source is it? The medium for quanta is unknown and may never be known. Consequently, I can only refer to what is known about any quantum and find possible analogies in traditional mediums for help on this question. It is known that the electromagnetic wave is a transversal wave. In the conclusion of my theory of distance-time, I proposed that basic characteristics of light are preserved when light is transferred to the state of matter [9]. Therefore, in this current article, I conclude that matter must be made out of transversal waves, too. Hence, the construct for all quanta of matter confined to a small volume is a three-dimensional transversal wave source. There is no three-dimensional transversal wave source described in traditional physics. However, a three-dimensional longitudinal wave source is described. The most common example of this is a sound source in the medium of air. Also, there are two-dimensional transversal waves that are found in traditional physics. Nonetheless, there is not even a hint of three-dimensional transversal wave sources. Therefore, I will have to create and develop the constructs for three-dimensional transversal wave sources in a later section. Then I will also show the remarkable similarities between the characteristics of these constructs and those of fermions.

 

3.4. Wave Sources in One-Dimensional Mediums

In nature a free medium (a medium free of obstructions) never has a wave in it any simpler than a single pulse. A pulse is a wave that is one-directional and one-dimensional with a ½ wavelength. Also, a pulse always has a crest or trough straddled by two locations with zero amplitudes. (See Figure 5.) In Figure 5A, my assistant whips the end of the rope and creates a pulse moving down this rope. She could not create a wave that is any simpler. Figure 5B is not a pulse, even though it has a ½ wavelength, because it does not have a crest or trough straddled by ends that are points with zero amplitudes. Figure 5C represents two pulses. It is my hypothesis that all waves in a free medium can be constructed by pulses within that medium.

In Figure 6A, a rope is tied between two poles. My assistant oscillates the rope at the center, creating a wave source. Notice that in Figure 6A the wave source is not a point-wave source. I drew it with a minimum diameter of ½ a wavelength because a rope tied between two poles in nature cannot propagate a wave with any smaller width. This wave source in the middle is emitting pulses in both directions in a one-dimensional medium, which makes it a wave source in one dimension.

Figures 6B through 6E represent various stages of waves emerging from the central wave source in 6A. Notice that in 6B, there are two pulses coinciding and moving in opposite directions. In Figure 6C, these pulses are now partially coinciding. Finally, in 6D, they are totally separated. At a later stage in 6E, the two outer pulses are separated by ½ a wavelength. Furthermore, there is the wave source at the center that is made up of two pulses emerging in opposite directions. This new wave at the center has an upside-down amplitude. I assert that all waves in a medium can be constructed of pulses, but pulses are one-directional, one-dimensional wave sources. In other words, pulses are the most elemental waves that can exist in a free natural medium from which I build wave sources.

The wave source in the center of Figure 6E is different from this image’s outer wave sources. The center wave source is emitting pulses in all directions in a one-dimensional medium, and the outer wave sources are emitting pulses in one direction in the same medium. Hence, they have different constructs. Nonetheless, both are constructed out of pulses.

I next imagine a pulse on a rope that is tied between two poles, such as in Figure 6A. However, now the ½ wavelength of the pulse reaches the full distance between the two poles. Furthermore, the rope is tight, so there is elasticity. Now my assistant plucks the tight rope. In this situation, the pulse does not move down the length of the rope. Instead, it becomes a standing wave. Therefore, energy restricted to a small region, like the wave that is restricted in this manner, can act like a standing wave. Elementary particles are similar to these transversal waves restricted to a three-dimensional region that is ½ a wavelength in diameter. I treat elementary particles as energy trapped within a volume of a diameter of ½ the wavelength of the particle.