Part 2: RULES FOR QUANTUM WAVE SOURCES

 

2.1. Introduction to Part 2

The idea that I propose is to create a three-dimensional medium without an actual substance that propagates waves. This theory has a simple theme at its foundation. Traditional waves are vibrations in a medium. Hence, this theme is about analyzing rules of how waves truly act in a medium. Then, I analyze quantum waves, looking for and conjecturing about parallel rules of behavior. Some of these new rules may seem strange at first. I use this new set of rules to represent a hypothetical three-dimensional quantum medium. To start, I must ask: How do vibrations in classical mediums act? These classical mediums were derived from observations in nature.

Pondering the waves in traditional mediums of nature, I came upon four interesting concepts. First, vibrations interfere with each other. Second, the wave vibrates from its top crest point to its corresponding bottom trough point along a straight line that passes through the center of the wave. In other words, a wave on a string must wave between two extreme points, each on the opposite side of the string from each other. All waves on that string could be created from the additions of that simple motion. A third characteristic was discovered by Huygens and is called Huygens’ principle [6]. Huygens’ principle essentially states that a wave front is made up of an indefinite number of point-wave sources, and any part of this wave front when isolated to a small enough area will act like a wave source. A fourth characteristic is that waves within a natural medium (air, water, string) are smooth and continuous. Therefore, I can draw a line from wave to wave without encountering corners or breaks along the line. It is true that I could mathematically create waves with corners or breaks. Even so, within natural mediums, waves are smooth and continuous.

I intend to keep this work simple by not pursuing precepts that add complexity. As a result, I do not discuss waves being transmitted between two different mediums, as such a topic is not relevant to this analysis.

To create a medium without an actual substance that propagates waves, I will use abstract ideas taken from traditional mediums. Furthermore, I will analyze quantum particles’ behavior. From both of these sources, I derive rules that apply to the behavior of quantum waves. It is these new abstract rules I will use to represent my three-dimensional quantum medium. Since I am not proposing any physical medium for quantum waves, this hypothetical quantum medium will have characteristics that are not found in physical mediums.

 

2.2. The Rules of the Cosmic Quantum Medium

How can there be a medium without a substance? I admit, it is strange. The only way to deal with such a possibility is to approach it abstractly. What are the abstract ideas that are a part of any medium regardless of what the substance or lack of substance for that medium? This is one thing I did in creating a cosmic medium. In other words, I asked, What characteristics do waves possess in any medium? For example, there has to be a vibration; therefore, I created a rule for vibration. For another example, there has to be wave interference; hence, I created a rule for wave interference. This was the general idea. These are just abstract rules that any wave in any medium must possess, or it is not a medium. The second thing I did was to augment these abstract rules so that they would predict elementary particle behaviors. Essentially, I derived these rules by analyzing traditional mediums and quantum wave behavior. They are postulates. Some of these rules are self-evident. The self-evident rules can be easily observed by watching traditional mediums. The other rules came from deriving the three-dimensional transversal wave source.

As previously delineated, this is a three-dimensional medium. There are many principles about waves I don’t bring up here because I feel it is unnecessary to delve into these in this current article. My main intent is to give the crucial rules that make a quantum medium feasible. What follows are the rules that will guide me in constructing the waves within my hypothetical medium. These rules give me the tools to create only foundational structures for elementary particles (electrons, protons, photons, quarks, etc.). I do not make any specific particle structure. Furthermore, because I have a structure for these particles, I have a better understanding for their behavior. In Table 1, I delineate these rules, which I use throughout the article.

 

 

Table 1. Rules for Waves in a Quantum Medium

1. Waves with no measurable differences can interfere with each other. This means that two waves can interfere if they are measured to be identical. Also, since waves that cannot be measured have no measurable differences, they can interfere.

2. Waves that are traveling in opposite directions to each other interfere with a reverse amplitude relative to each other. Consequently, if two waves are moving in opposite directions to each other, they will interfere constructively if their amplitudes are the opposite (one a crest and the other a trough.) If both amplitudes are the same, they would cancel each other. Since direction in the medium affects amplitude, a standing wave is assigned a direction, too.

3. There is an attractive force between waves that interfere constructively. There is a repulsive force between waves that interfere destructively.

4. Waves vibrate so that there are opposite points of amplitude at ½ a wavelength apart. These two opposing points of a wave happen at opposing sides of the center of the wave within any space.

5. All waves within the quantum medium when located collapse—not to a particle—but to a new wave located within the region it was detected. If this region is small enough, the wave would act like a wave source. This replaces the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory.

6. All waves within the quantum medium are smooth and continuous. All waves that interfere add up in a smooth and continuous fashion.

7. All waves are always transversal waves.

8. The medium is three-dimensional. Wave sources spread out three-dimensionally. They have a three-dimensional structure and they interfere three-dimensionally.

9. Along the direction that a wave cycles, standing waves must exist in quantities of ½ wavelengths where there are no obstructions in the medium. Hence, the smallest region it could exist within the quantum medium is ½ a wavelength.

 

 

2.3. A Discussion of the Quantum Medium Rules

Rule 1 is based on the idea of interference between identical particles in quantum theory. In quantum theory, any two identical fermions that interfere with each other repel. The opposite holds true for bosons. However, if quantum particles are not identical, they will not interfere [1, 2, 5, 6]. This can be reinterpreted to mean that quantum waves that have no measurable differences will interfere. As a consequence, I could take waves that are constituents of a complete wave and have them interfere because they exist within a quantum wave and are not measurable. Since they attract together to form a whole wave, they must be bosons. In other words, bosons are used to construct fermions. Rule 2 is a new concept created for quantum wave source theory. It was created so that a three-dimensional transversal wave source could exist. Three-dimensional transversal wave sources cannot exist without this rule. For more information about rule 2, see section 3.8. Rule 3 is related to the interferences of waves within the quantum theory. In quantum theory, bosons attract when they interfere [1, 2, 5, 6]. I took an intuitive leap with my imagination and realized that waves exist where they add to each other, but there can be no waves where they cancel each other out. This is essentially Rule 3 restated; it allows me to make waves from boson-wave building-blocks, and these waves I create can add up constructively or destructively. Indeed, some constructs behave like fermions. Rule 4 is the rule of vibration. In all mediums, waves have a vibration, and waves in the quantum medium are no different. Generally, there are opposite extreme points in the cycle of a wave. In other words, trough and crest points always occur in the cycling of a wave. This rule results in photons having a boson spin, as I later show. Rule 5 is essentially Huygens’ principle. It is important because it explains the two-slit experiment for quantum particles. Hence, the rule demystifies elementary quantum theory somewhat. Instead of a quantum sometimes acting like a wave or sometimes like a particle, it always acts like a wave. This wave may not behave exactly like waves that I am familiar with in natural mediums such as air or water. Nevertheless, the wave source interpretation of the two-slit experiment does allow me to interpret a quantum’s behavior more like a disturbance in a medium than does the Copenhagen interpretation. Furthermore, it leads to a construct for elementary particles. Indeed, if any photon wave front is confined in a small enough volume, it should act like a wave source. This is a very important idea that I will use to help build a fermion later. Much of section 3 discusses Rule 5 and its consequences. Rule 6 is a definition for all waves in any continuous medium. Rule 7 further elaborates on the basic nature of the waves within the quantum medium. Within quantum theory, light is treated as a transversal wave. Even matter is considered a wave packet of transversal waves. Rule 8 deals with the three-dimensional characteristic of the medium. It was very important that I keep the medium three-dimensional. By doing so, it forced me to understand what a three-dimensional transversal wave source behaves like. Rule 9 addresses the fact that a wave only exists where there is amplitude, and there is no amplitude at the edge of a wave at ½ a wavelength in diameter. All these principles are discussed with respect to both fermion and boson wave constructs within the cosmic quantum medium.

As stated earlier, I am not proposing any physical medium for quantum waves. As a result, this quantum medium has characteristics that are not found in physical mediums. For example, a real substance or physical medium could not have amplitudes that reverse with direction. As a result, some of my abstract rules could not exist in a medium with an actual substance. Therefore, they are described as abstract rules for my quantum medium.

Lastly, the rules in Table 1 could be interpreted as quantum rules for motion. I could have included in Table 1 the idea of the Doppler effect of matter, which I delineate in my theory of distance-time [9]. Had I done so inertia would have been included into the quantum rules for motion presented in that table. However, inertia is not really discussed in this article and is therefore not included in the table.